Anti-begar risings: Dum Koti, Jugga and Dujjam

Long before the Praja Mandals, hill peasants were resisting begar (unpaid forced labour), reeth (bride-price/wife-sale custom) and arbitrary levies.

• Dum Koti rising, 1859 — in Bushahr, against begar and the raja's officials.
• Jugga movement, 1883–88 — in Bilaspur (Kahlur), a sustained refusal of forced labour.
• Dujjam movement, 1906 — non-cooperation in Rampur Bushahr.
• Satyanand Stokes at Kotgarh campaigned against begar from 1909; the practice was formally ended in the Shimla hills in the early 1920s.